Page 65 - Canine-Diseases

Squamous cell carcinoma: Also known as cutaneous squamous are prone to osteomyelitis of the bones in the jaw. Cavalier
cell carcinoma or actinic keratosis is a malignant tumor of epidermal King Charles Spaniels, Rottweilers, German Shepherds, Italian
cells in which cells show differentiation in keratinocytes (major Greyhounds, Siberian Huskies, and Alaskan Malamutes are prone
constituent of the epidermis). It accounts for 5% of all cutaneous to eosinophilic or hypereosinophilic syndrome, of which stomatitis
tumors found in dogs. These tumors generally grow slowly, but is a symptom.
are aggressive in nature. There are several factors associated with
the development of squamous cell carcinoma including prolonged Storage diseases of the nervous system: also known as
exposure to ultraviolet radiation. In addition, there may be some lysosomal storage diseases or glycogen storage diseases, are a
association with papilloma virus. The skin, oral cavity, and digits group of rare enzymatic disorders that affect mainly the nervous
are the most common sites of squamous cell carcinomas in dogs. system. This group of disorders is genetic in nature and is almost
Most cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas appear as firm, raised, always fatal early in life. Storage diseases of the nervous system
frequently ulcerated plaques and nodules; sometimes they can is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme production of a particular
be extremely exophytic (outwardly growing) and have a surface enzyme that is supposed to break down large molecules within
that resembles a wart. The breeds that are at an increased risk the cells into smaller ones so that they can pass out through the
include Keeshonds, Giant Schnauzers, Standard Schnauzers, cell membranes. The symptoms of storage diseases of the nervous
Basset Hounds, Gordon Setter, Standard Poodle, Scottish Terriers, system vary, depending on the enzyme that is missing, the cells
Pekingese, Boxers, Collies, Norwegian Elkhounds, Dalmatians, involved, and the material that is accumulating. In general, the
Beagles, Whippets, and white English Bull Terriers. Subungual most common symptoms seen in puppies with lysosomal storage
squamous cell carcinoma is a tumor of the nailbed epithelium. diseases include failure to thrive, incoordination and balance
Tumors arise on multiple digits, often on different extremities. They issues, exercise intolerance, abnormal vision or progression to
are grow slowly and are cured by amputation of the affected digit. blindness, fainting, and seizures. There are several types of storage
Breeds at increased risk of subungual squamous cell carcinoma diseases of the nervous system that can affect different breeds of
are Giant Schnauzers, Gordon Setters, Standard Poodles, Standard dogs, usually at different ages, some specific examples include 1.
Schnauzers, Scottish Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Rottweilers, Ceroid lipofuscinosis: breeds affected include Australian Cattle
Dachshunds, and Miniature Schnauzer. Dogs, Border Collies, Chihuahuas, Cocker Spaniels, Dalmatians,
Dachunds, Salukis, English Setters, and Tibetan Terriers. These
Staphylococcus intermedius: A gram positive coccus bacterium dogs lack the enzyme that breaks down a fat that otherwise
is part of the normal skin and oral flora of dogs. It is the accumulates in nerve cells and the liver, kidneys, and spleen; 2.
predominant cause of skin and soft tissue infection in dogs and Fucosidosis: is an autosomal recessive disorder found in English
the most common bacteria present in superficial pyodermas. Some Springer Spaniels that affects the dog’s ability to produce the enzyme
dogs may develop a hypersensitivity reaction to Staphylococcus alpha-fucosidase. This enzyme deficiency prohibits the normal
intermedius antigens. breakdown and metabolism of complex polysaccharides from
within the cells. Instead, these compounds build up in the cells and
Stenotic nares: Are characterized by a malformation of the alar diminish the cell’s ability to function properly; 3. Gangliosidosis:
folds in a dog’s nose, resulting in nostrils that are too small. the most commonly affected breeds include Beagles, German
Stenotic nares are considered to be part of brachycephalic Shorthaired Pointers, Portuguese Water Dogs, English Springer
syndrome, found in dogs with short muzzles. Symptoms include Spaniels, Shiba Inus, and Japanese Spaniels. These dogs have
noisy breathing, retching or gagging, vomiting, heat intolerance, insufficient activity of the enzyme beta-galactosidase, which is
exercise intolerance, and mouth breathing. Dogs affected are the responsible for breaking down specific carbohydrates in the cells.
English Bulldogs, Pugs, Boston Terriers, French Bulldogs, King As a result, there is an accumulation of break down products such
Charles Spaniels, Shih Tzus, Pekingese, Pomeranians, and Boxers. as GM1 in cells, especially cells of the brain and nervous system;
4. Mucopolysaccharidosis: the most commonly affected breeds
Stomatitis: Is essentially a chronic, debilitating bacterial infection include Plott Hounds, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, Welsh Corgis,
and inflammation of the oral tissues that usually begins in the Boston Terriers, Rottweilers, and Miniature Pinschers, Labrador
periodontium, which is the soft tissue surrounding the teeth (the Retrievers, Wire-haired Dachshunds, German Shepherds, Miniature
gums) or facial area (the oropharyngeal area). It may be caused Poodles, and Miniature Schnauzers. Mucopolysaccharidoses are a
by several circumstances, including allergies to the biofilm on group of metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation
the patient’s teeth, reactions to certain types of medications, or of GAGs (glycosaminoglycans, or mucopolysaccharides)
a response to an underlying condition like a bacterial infection. due to the impaired functions of lysosomal enzymes. It is the
Common symptoms or signs of stomatitis in dogs can include mucopolysaccharides which help in building bones, cartilage,
pain, bad breath (halitosis), ulcerated tissues, extensive teeth skin, tendons, corneas, and the fluid responsible for lubricating
plaque, excessive drooling, bloody saliva, difficulty eating, joints. 5. Phosphofructokinase: The most commonly affected
anorexia, bleeding gums, lesions of gums, fluid buildup in the breeds include Cocker Spaniels and English Spaniels. It describes
gums, and grossly inflamed gums. Although there are no primary a deficiency in the enzyme phosphofructokinase which is required
breed predispositions for chronic stomatitis, certain breeds may for glycolysis, the metabolic pathway that coverts glucose into
be more likely to develop disorders that may lead to secondary pyruvate, thereby releasing energy to be used for a variety of
forms of stomatitis. Some of these breeds can include Greyhounds, functions such as maintaining the shape of red blood cells. It
Miniature Schnauzers, Labrador Retrievers, and Maltese which greatly inhibits the energy skeletal muscles required for exercising;

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