Page 25 - Canine-Diseases

Hounds, Dogue de Bordeaux, Grate Danes, Irish water Spaniels, eyeball of the dog being positioned further back within the socket
Irish Wolfhounds, Large Munsterlanders, Mastiffs, Otterhounds, than normal. Enophthalmos in dogs can be caused by resorption
Rottweilers, Saint Bernard, Chow Chows, Bearded Collies, and of orbital fat, muscle atrophy, scar tissue formation after trauma,
Newfoundlands. muscle degeneration associated with recurrent myositis, cancer,
dehydration, microphthalmia (congenitally small globe/eyeball),
Elbow luxation: Also known as a dislocated elbow, it develops phthisis bulbi (irreversible ocular damage resulting in shrinkage
from a disruption of the normal alignment of the three bones that of the eye), and Horner’s syndrome. Clinical signs include droopy
make up the elbow: the humerus (upper arm bone) and the radius eyelid, constricted pupil, sunken eye, and third eyelid protrusion,
and ulna (bones of the forearm). For a luxation to occur, the major and entropion.
ligaments (collateral ligaments) of the elbow must be torn. Elbow
luxation occurs in dogs as a result of severe trauma, such as being Entropion: Is a genetic condition in which a portion of the eyelid is
hit by a car fighting with another animal, or falling from a height. inverted or folded inward. This inward rolling often causes the hair
Elbow luxation makes the foreleg unusable, so a non-weight- on the surface of the eyelid to rub against the cornea resulting in
bearing lameness occurs. The leg may be flexed (bent, held up) and pain, corneal ulcers or corneal erosions. This corneal damage can
the forearm outwardly rotated. The elbow is usually swollen and/ also result in corneal scarring, that can interfere with vision. The
or misshapen. Other signs of trauma (cuts, scratches, bruises) may upper and/or lower eyelids can be involved, and the condition can
also be present. There is no specific age, sex or breed predilection occur in either one eye or both. Repeated bouts of eye infections
in dogs. (conjunctivitis) can also cause spastic entropion, which can lead
to functional entropion. In addition, inflammation of the chewing
Encephalitozoonosis: Also commonly called as microsporidiosis, muscles or severe weight loss can lead to loss of fat and muscle
it is an infection caused by the protozoal parasite Encephalitozoon around the eye socket, which may be another cause for entropion.
cuniculi which spreads and creates lesions on the lungs, heart, Clinical signs include squinting, excess tears (epiphora), eye
kidneys, and brain, and significantly effecting the dog’s ability to inflammation (keratitis), and discharge of pus. Entropion is fairly
function normally. It is transmitted by contact with contaminated common in dogs and is seen in a wide variety of breeds, including
urine or through the placenta in unborn pups and affects dogs more short-nosed breeds, giant breeds, and sporting breeds. Many breeds
than cats, especially young puppies. Symptoms in puppies include are identified as having this problem and these breeds include
stunted growth, poor hair coat, failure to thrive, kidney failure, and Akitas, American Staffordshire Terriers, Pekingese, Bulldogs,
neurological complications. In adult dogs, clinical signs include Pomeranians, Pugs, Japanese Chin, Shih-Tzus, Yorkshire Terriers,
brain abnormalities, aggressive behavior, abnormal vocalizations, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, Dalmatians, Old English Sheepdogs,
odd gait, loss of muscle and limb control, convulsions and seizures, Rottweilers, Siberian Husky, Vizslas, Weimaraners, Toy and
blindness, and kidney failure. This spore forming parasite is found Miniature Poodles, Basset Hounds, Bloodhounds Clumber
in many domestic animals including rabbits, cats, and dogs, and in Spaniels, English and American Cocker Spaniels, English Springer
wild animals such as the fox. The parasite has the ability to affect Spaniels, English Toy Spaniels, Tibetan Spaniels, Chesapeake
immunosuppressed humans as well. Bay Retrievers, Flat-coated Retrievers, Golden retrievers, Gordon
Setters, Irish Setters, Labrador Retrievers, Great Danes, Bernese
Endocarditis: Also referred as endocardiosis, it is the bacterial Mountain Dogs, Mastiffs, Saint Bernard, Newfoundlands, Great
infection and inflammation of the endocardial surface of the heart, Pyrenees, and Shar Peis. The treatment for entropion is surgical
particularly the heart valves. This type of infective endocarditis can correction.
occur in response to any infection of the body. Common causative
microbial agents include Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus Enucleation: Is the surgical removal of an eye and it is reserved
spp, Escherichia coli, and Bartonella spp. Clinical signs of as a last attempt to alleviate the pain of an injured and untreatable
endocarditis include low-grade fever, cough, difficulty breathing, eye. Reasons for enucleation include severe trauma (e.g. a
bluish discoloration of skin, exercise intolerance, lethargy, heart puncture or perforation of the eyeball) and conditions in or around
murmur, arrhythmia, high systolic blood pressure, and collapse. the eye (e.g. cancer or glaucoma). All of these conditions have two
Endocarditis is more common in middle-sized to large breed dogs, things in common, they are painful and they can cause blindness
with most between the ages of 4 and 6. Males are generally at if left untreated. Brachycephalic dogs such as Pugs, Shih-Tzus,
higher risk than females. If the underlying disease if not treated in Chihuahuas, Chow Chows, Pekingese, Lhasa Apso, Bull Mastiffs,
time, complications can lead to heart failure and death. and English Toy Spaniels, are more prone to injuries, simply
because their eyes bulge out.
Endocrine alopecia: Typically non-pruritic, non-inflammatory
symmetrical hair loss due to alterations in hormone levels which Epidermal collarette: A secondary skin lesion. A circular rim
affect the hair follicle cycle (follicular atrophy) or which affect the of epidermal scale seen either after a fluid filled swelling (e.g. a
hair follicle structure (follicular dysplasia), causing hair to fall out. pustule , papule , vesicle or bulla) has ruptured or as a result of
Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy and usually inflammation stimulating increased keratin production at the edge
presents with alopecia in areas of wear, seborrhea, and recurrent of a pustule or papule. Epidermal collarette appear as circular areas
infections. of scale with hair loss or redness at the center (often mistaken for
ringworm due to the circular appearance).
Enophthalmos: Typically, enophthalmos presents itself with the

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